PREVALANCE OF DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA FROM ORAL-SWAB

Over the past years, changes in world technology have occurred which have accommodated the fast transport of people, food, and goods but, antibiotic residues and antibiotic-resistant bacteria have been carried along as well. In this review, the main mechanisms of resistance to the important antibiotics used for treatment of disease caused by oral/respiratory bacteria-including tetracycline etc are talked on in full detail. Oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease are connected with the ability of bacteria to form biofilm. The development and formation of dental caries involve acidogenic and aciduric Gram-positive bacteria colonizing the supragingival biofilm (Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Actinomycetes). Periodontal diseases have been linked to anaerobic Gram-negative bacteria forming a plaque (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus, Prevotella and Fusobacterium). Cells embedded in biofilm are up to 1000-fold more resistant to antibiotics compared to their planctonic ones. Given the increased bacterial resistance to antibiotics currently used in dentistry, a great importance is given to natural compounds for the prevention of oral bacterial growth, adhesion and colonization. The oral swab samples were collected using sterile, unused swab sticks which were used to swab the surface of the inner cheeks in the oral cavity, theses samples were collected without the swab stick touching the tongue as it might give inaccurate results as the tongue contains diverse microorganisms. This study 4 microorganisms were isolated from the oral cavity Staphylococcus aureus of which 6 antibiotics were susceptible  of the 11 antibiotics used for the susceptibility test Streptococcus mutans of which 6 antibiotics were resistant and susceptible, Klebsiella pneumonia of which 5 antibiotics were resistant and there was in total number of susceptible microorganisms, Escherichia coli of which 6 antibiotics showed resistance and 5 showed susceptibility. The most organism identified was Staphylococcus aerus about 40%, Klebsiella pneumonia which had a percentage of 25%, Escherichia coli with a percentage of about 20%, Streptococcus mutans with percentage of 15%.. Most of the organisms were catalase positive, coagulase positive and non motile organisms.